███ (██████)

█████ ████████

███ ████ ██ ███████ █████ █████ ██ ██████ ██████ █████ ████████:

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\mathbf{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\cdot \mathbf{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="3"\; class="word\; redacted">███</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$           (█)

███ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$██ ███████ ███ ████ █████ █████ ███████.

████ ████ ███ ███████ █████ ███ ██ ███ ███████ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ███ ████████ █████، ███ ███ ██ ████ ██████ █████ ██ ██ ██████ ██ ███ ████ ██ █████ █████ ██████ ████ ████ ████ ████████.

██ ████ ████ █████ ███████ ██ █████ ██ █████ ██████ ██ ████ ██████، █████ ████████ █████ ███████ ███████ █████ ████ ███ ████ █████، ██ ███ ██ ██████ █████ ████ █████ ███ ███ █████ █████ ████ ████ ██ ██████ ██████ █████ ████████ ██ ██ █████ █████ █████ █████ █████ █████ ██ █████ █████ ██ ██ ███ ███████.

███ ███ ███████ ███████ █████ █████ ████ ████████ █████ :

${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}={\int }_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathbf{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\cdot \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathbf{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$             (█)

███:

${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{}}$ ██ ██████ ██ ███████ ████ ████ █████.

${\displaystyle \mathbf{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ██ ████ █████.

${\displaystyle \mathbf{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ ██ ████ ███████.

████████ (█) █████ ██ ████ ████ ██ ███ ██ ████ ███ ████ ███ █████ (${\displaystyle \mathbf{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}$ = █) ███ █████ █████، █████ ████ ████ ████████ █████ ████ ████ █████ ███████ ███ ████ ██████ (███ ██████ █████████) █████ █████ ███████ █████ ███. █ ██ ████ █████ ███████ ████ ████ █████ ████ ███ ██ █████ █████ ██████ █████ █████ (█████ ████████= ███).

██████ ███████████

██████ ███████████ █████ ██ ███ ██ █████ ██████ █████ █████ █████ █████، ██████ ████ ██████ █████ █████ ████ ████ ███ ███ ██████ ██████ ████ ██ ██████ ██████ ███████████ ███ (██████ ████████ ████ ██ ████ █████ ████████، ██ ████ ██████ ███ ████ ████ █████ █████ ████ ██████ ███).

███ ████ ███ ██████ ███ ███ █████ ████ █████ ██ █████ █_██ ███ █████ █_██ ███ █████ █ ████ ██ ███████ :

${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}=\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}={\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}-{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}-\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=\frac{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}({\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}).}$

█ ██ ███ ██████ ██ █████ ██████████ ██████ █████ ██ ███ ████ ███████. ████ ██ ████ ██████ ██ ████████ ██ ${\displaystyle \mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}({\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}})}$ ████ ${\displaystyle (\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}{)}^{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$.

██ █████ ██████ ████ ██████ ███ ████ ████ █████ ███ ███ ██████(███ ███ ████████) ██ ███ ███ █████ ███ █████ █████ ████، ███ ████ ██████ ███ █████ ██████ :

███ ████ ████ ███ ████ ██████ ██ █████ █ ███ █████ █ ███ █████ ██████ ██ █████ █ █████ █████ ██████ ██ █████ █ :

${\displaystyle ({\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}+{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{)}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}=({\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}+{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}{)}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$

███:

• ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ ██ ████ ██████ █████
• ${\displaystyle {\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}_{\mathrm{<span\; word-length="1"\; class="word\; redacted">█</span>}}}$ ██ ████ █████ █████